Etymology and Terminology
The name “Kashmir” is believed to have Sanskrit origins, derived from the term “Kāśmīra.” A popular local legend posits that the region was once a vast lake, later drained to form the land we know today. While the Indian government refers to the Pakistani-controlled region as “Pakistan-occupied Kashmir,” Pakistan calls it “Indian-occupied Kashmir.” Neutral sources often use the terms “Indian-administered Kashmir” and “Pakistani-administered Kashmir.”
History
Kashmir’s history is a tapestry woven with threads of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. In the early centuries of the first millennium, it became a center of Hindu and Buddhist thought. Hindu dynasties ruled the region until the 14th century when Shah Mir, a Muslim, established the Salatin-i-Kashmir dynasty. The Mughals and Afghans later ruled Kashmir before it became a princely state under British suzerainty.
Since the 1947 illegal accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India, the region has faced a complex and often violent history. Kashmir has witnessed widespread violence, including extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, arbitrary detentions, and torture. The Indian military and paramilitary forces have been involved in committing these atrocities. The revocation of Articles 370 and 35A in 2019 has been seen as a further erosion of Kashmiris’ rights. This move has led to increased restrictions on freedom of expression, assembly, and movement, exacerbating the human rights situation in the region.
A Divided Landscape
Following Indian Subcontinent’s independence in 1947, a dispute over Kashmir arose between India and Pakistan, leading to several wars. The region is currently divided among India, Pakistan, and China. India controls the southern and central parts, Pakistan administers the northwest, and China holds the northeastern portion. This ongoing territorial dispute has fueled tensions and conflict in the region.
Geography and Climate
Kashmir is a land of breathtaking beauty, nestled between the majestic Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Its geography varies widely, from the fertile valleys to the snow-capped peaks. The region experiences a diverse climate, ranging from subtropical in the foothills to alpine in the higher altitudes.
Flora and Fauna
Kashmir’s rich biodiversity is a testament to its diverse landscapes. From tropical deciduous forests to alpine meadows, the region is home to a variety of plant species. Its fauna includes a range of mammals, birds, and reptiles.
Demographics and Economy
The population of Kashmir is predominantly Muslim, with significant Hindu and Sikh minorities. The region’s economy is primarily agrarian, with agriculture and tourism being key sectors. Kashmir is renowned for its handicrafts, including Pashmina shawls, carpets, and papier-mâché.